CHAPTER 2 Concepts, Theories, and Classifications 39 "We talked about the tensions of fitting people (staff or clients) to the agency, or the agency to people, downsizing some programs to save others, changing some of the agency's procedures to reduce the times it takes to make needed changes. This theo-retical framework emphasizes the interaction between social identity as a per-ceiver factor implicating different aspects of the self (or different social selves), In short, this paper will discuss how social categorization can address the problems proposed by the uncertainty reduction theory. the social identity approach, subsuming both social identity theory (Tajfel 1978, Tajfel & Turner 1979) and self-categorization theory (Turner 1987). This approach originated in social psychology and is increasingly part of the standard curriculum in communication and media studies, organizations and . Social identity theory and self-categorization theory suggest that people categorize themselves as belonging to certain groups such as nationality, gender, or even sports teams. It shows how the emergent properties of group processes can be explained in teims of a shift in self-perception from personal to social identity. process is called self-categorization in social identity theory (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, and Wetherell 1987); in identity the-ory it is called identification (McCall and Simmons 1978). The aim of the studies was to assess the effefcs of social categorization on intergroup behaviour when, in the intergroup situation, neither calculations of individual interest nor previously existing attitudes of hostility could have been said to have determined discriminative behaviour against an outgroup. which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem. categorization. When Do We Categorize? Social Identity Theory (SIT) and Self-Categorisation Theory (SCT) represent major theoretical attempts to clarify the social-psychological processes associated with group membership and action and should, therefore, be in a good position to provide a significant contribution to that understanding. One proposition of the theory is that people categorize others into groups while associating, or self-identifying, more with J. Turner. Self-categorization theory seeks to understand and explain the processes by which people form cognitive representations of themselves and others in relation to different social groups. Social comparison: Individuals evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others in order to reduce In three experiments, social categorization moderated the spread of social projection in both minimal and value-tagged laboratory groups and regardless of whether individual perceivers judged both groups or only one. Instead of studying individuals as isolated from social experience, SCT proposes that it is important to understand the psychological nature of the self (e.g., mind, memory, cognition, behavior) within the scope of social groups and membership. (1) People first categorize themselves and others into social groups based on external or internal criteria. Social categorization occurs when we think of someone as a man (versus a woman), an old person (versus a young person), a Black person (versus an Asian or White person), and so on (Allport, 1954/1979). It is . Social Identity Theory (SIT) is widely cited for providing a basis for how we perceive and . Social categorization profoundly influences human social life. Social Identity Theory (SIT; Tajfel, 1978; Tajfel & Turner, 1979) begins with the premise that individuals define their own identities with regard to social groups and that such identifications work to protect and bolster self-identity.The creation of group identities involves both the categorization of one's "in-group" with regard to an "out-group" and the tendency to view one's . Within social and organizational psychology and the other social sciences the concept of identity is now widely embraced. Through the process of self-categorization or identification, an identity is formed.

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