Ordinary clocks are the most common clock type in a PTP system because they are used as end nodes in the system. Telnet is not allowed but several commands make reference to it by default. (Optional) Designate a physical interface to receive segment topology change notices (STCNs). This reduces the chance of a device without a real-time clock becoming grandmaster and setting an arbitrary time, like January 1 1970 00:00:00. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, which defines layers of network communications, is also commonly referred to when discussing network architectures. An example from an automotive assembly plant would be for a Paint Coordination application that might be directly controlling chassis coming from the Stamping Plant fed to Robotic Paint Controllers in the Paint zone. In this example, the RedBoxes are Cisco IE 4000 switches. The services, systems, and applications at this level are directly managed and operated by the IT organization. Cisco Cyber Vision offers a friendly user interface that lets everyone share a common understanding of what is occurring so OT and IT experts can work together towards common goals. The promotion of no direct access permitted between the Enterprise Zone and the Industrial zone highlights the requirement for the deployment of servers or services deployed in the IDMZ to broker communications or act as a landing pad for services between the two zones. After a baseline is defined, the operator can compare the changes that happened to this set of elements at different time instants. We will enable HTTP inspection according to our needs with policy maps. The visibility must be granular enough that the IT security architect can know the type of the IACS asset-Controller, I/O, drive, HMI, and others. The critical statements below are option 43 which specifies the IP address and port of the FND server (192.168.0.175:9125). These attributes are the IP packet identity or fingerprint of the packet and determine if the packet is unique or similar to other packets. A banner is a message presented to a user who is using the Cisco switch. The Industrial Automation Cisco Validated Design (CVD) solution applies network, security, and data management technologies to Industrial Automation and Control System (IACS) plant environments and key production assets that are the core to operational environments. ■Cisco Catalyst 3850 StackWise—480 configuration: –For Cisco Catalyst 3850 https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/lan/catalyst3850/software/release/3se/ha_stack_manager/configuration_guide/b_hastck_3se_3850_cg/b_hastck_3se_3850_cg_chapter_010.html#reference_5415C09868764F0FA05F88897F108139, –For Cisco Catalyst 9300 https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/lan/catalyst9300/software/release/16-5/configuration_guide/stck_mgr_ha/b_165_stck_mgr_ha_9300_cg/managing_switch_stacks.html, ■Industrial Ethernet switching product page: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/switches/industrial-ethernet-switches/index.html, ■Cisco IE 3x00 Series Switch https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/lan/cisco_ie3X00/software/16_10/release_note/b_1610_releasenote.html. To avoid this situation, configure stack MAC persistency so that the stack MAC address never changes to the new active switch MAC address. Found insideThe first step in creating an effective cybersecurity workforce is to establish a baseline for the needed skills and experience. Determine if your network security team needs experience in hacking, managing Cisco routers, and experience ... Since the NetFlow implementation is done mainly to detect security-based incidents rather than traffic analysis, The recommended timeout for the Cisco IE 4000, Cisco IE 4010, Cisco IE 5000, and Cisco Catalyst 9300 switches is 60 seconds for the active timeout and 30 seconds for the inactive timeout. Industrial companies are seeking to drive operational improvements into their production systems and assets through convergence and digitization by leveraging the new paradigms in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and Industry 4.0. Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) is another redundancy option that enables multiple switches to work in conjunction to provide distribution services. In this case, customers should also consider network devices that are designed to provide consistent quality time over extended periods, for example have Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillators (a.k.a. Network Security Evaluation Using the NSA IEM - Page 410 For BCs, change the 802.1Q tagged VLAN for PTP messages. BCs are used to distribute a consistent PTP across the network to various VLANs and Cell/Area Zones. SDA is the industry's first intent-based networking solution for the enterprise built on the principles of the Cisco Digital Network Architecture (DNA). ■Layer 3 routing between the IDMZ and the core/distribution routers, ■Redundant links throughout the architecture, ■Configuration backups of all networking devices (Cisco IND can be used for the Cisco IE switches), ■Network hardening best practices to protect the Management, Control, and Data planes of the network infrastructure. ■IGMP Querier—Keeps track of the multicast group membership. This solution provides a blueprint for the essential security and connectivity foundation required to deploy and implement Industry 4.0 and IIoT concepts and models. Cisco Security Specialists Guide to PIX Firewall - Page 41 prompt redundant pair - primary secondary unit/active or stand/hostname prompt priority state hostname. Establishing a central, unified security policy baseline. Found inside – Page 414In this work, we compare the performance of a passive eavesdropper in 802.11b/n/ac WLAN networks. ... path loss models) to estimate the effects of such features on a passive eavesdropper in 802.11n/ac, using 802.11b as a baseline. ■Edge no-neighbor primary preferred—An edge port that always participates in VLAN load balancing in this REP segment, is connected to a non-REP switch, and is the preferred port for VLAN load balancing. The results of the Lync testing show that the Network Mean Opinion Score (MOS) drops below 3.5. ■The sensor on the IE 3400 can support approximately 9,600 packets per second. The ASA will perform basic intrusion protection even when the advanced IPS system is not installed in the system. Whether you are responsible for a critical site or a small factory, you need detailed information in your OT security posture to comply with the latest regulatory requirements (EU NIS, NERC CIP, FDA, and so on) and work with both IT and OT teams to drive actions. NAT control requires that packets traversing from an inside interface to an outside interface match a NAT rule; for any host on the inside network to access a host on the outside network, you must configure NAT to translate the inside host address. The scalability requirements for the Flow Collector are available at: https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en/us/td/docs/security/stealthwatch/system_installation_configuration/SW_7_0_Installation_and_Configuration_Guide_DV_1_0.pdf, ■The data storage requirements must be taken into consideration, which are again dependent on the number of flows in the network. A switch can have no more than two ports that belong to the same segment and each segment port can have only one external neighbor. It is a mistake to think that you have to choose between the two types of protection. Security ■All network device configuration should be backed up after initial installation, setup, and following modifications. ■Most routers and switches can protect the CPU from DoS-style attacks through functionality equivalent to Control Plane protection or policing. Configuring an IP address always overrides another designated address currently in use. Figure 86 depicts the site-wide precise time architecture. The Securely Traversing IACS Data Across the Industrial Demilitarized Zone Design and Implementation Guide (for best practices, see Previous and Related Documentation for links to the Industrial Automation IDMZ CVD) provides design considerations and implementation details for providing remote access. To avoid loops and use network bandwidth effectively, the RedBox does not transmit frames that are already transmitted in the same direction. 5. In this state, one MRM one ring port remains in a blocked port status and the other port is in the forwarding status. Attach PRP channel to the physical interface. Another platform resiliency option at the distribution layer is StackWise Virtual. Wireless VoIP QoS Best Practices Some information may not be emitted for a long time and remain undiscovered. This zone has essentially three levels of activity occurring, as described in the following subsections. Cisco Hard to beat! A typical deployment of the HSR-PRP feature is to use two switches to connect to two different LANs, namely LAN-A and LAN-B of a PRP network and HSR network. From the APPS tab in FND, select Import Apps to first add the app in the FND catalog. If the IACS asset needs reprofiling, then the OT control system engineer needs to re-scan the device from IND (refer to the implementation guide) and then ISE will be able to correctly profile the device and restore its former access. Figure 1 Industrial Automation Customer Objectives and Challenges. An ordinary clock is a device that has a single PTP port. The DMZ layer is added to provide a security interface outside of the operational plant domain. You can view currently active alarms using the show facility alarm status command. Time synchronization is critical for event and data analysis with correlation across the entire industrial infrastructure. Standard IEC 62439-3 Clause 5. Everyone knows that security is essential in the Digital Age. Table 2 Cross-Industry Industrial Networking Requirements—Part 1 of 2, Table 2 Cross-Industry Industrial Networking Requirements—Part 2 of 2. The choice of design depends on the requirements for the specific deployment. CompTIA Network+ ■Policy enforcement using Cisco Cyber Vision, Cisco ISE, and TrustSec as per the Cell/Area Zone use case for advanced segmentation. VNQM helps you easily analyze call detail records (CDR) from Cisco and Avaya Communication Managers for metrics such as network jitter and latency and avoid packet delays in VoIP calls. This aligns with the tool requiring a more IT-aware knowledge base, necessitating working in conjunction with control engineers and the industrial requirements. Data though is still required to be shared between the two entities such as MES or ERP data and security networking services may be required to be managed and applied throughout the enterprise and industrial zones. Each edge ports should be located on access switches connected to the distribution, with only one edge per access switch, Figure 100 REP Used to Connect HSR Ring to Distribution. Egress side packet enqueuing, scheduling, and shaping are performed. There are three port states used within MRP: ■Disconnected/Disabled—In this state, switch port will drop all received packets. The following sections describe each of the building blocks of an egress QoS model. Note the NAME tag on this sample route entry at odc-4948-fwbuff-a/b: Best practice – Single point of route administration. There are several IT networking certifications on the market, and CompTIA Network+ and Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) are two of the most popular. This profile is being enhanced for the industrial ecosystem driven Time-Sensitive Networks set of technical standards under the IEEE 802.1AS-Rev working group. Here is a brief summary of timing technologies: ■Global Positioning System (GPS)—Precise time and geo-location are achieved with devices that receive satellite-based signals. ■Data Plane-The data plane forwards data throughout a networking system traversing the networking devices. The ring shares dual paths around the ring and can reduce bottlenecks and oversubscription. However, over the course of the last few years the industrial ecosystem has moved away from the use of proprietary network technologies to the use of open, standard networking such as Ethernet, WiFi, IP, and so on. In CONFIG -> Firmware Update, select the Group in the previous step and click Install Image. Before PTP, achieving high precision required proprietary communication standards and overlay networks (for example, IRIG-B). The MTConnect application supports SSH and the user can login using the credentials root/C!sco123. The typical enterprise campus network design is ideal for providing resilient, highly scalable, and secure connectivity for all network assets. ■Critical Infrastructure Protection—A DMZ is seen on location in both the industrial plant architecture and the utilities architecture. The design for this zone follows a similar ethos to that of the Multiservice Zone in the industrial plant. The DIG for the Industrial Automation program aligns with these foundational requirements: ■FR1 Identification and Authentication Control-Identify and authenticate all users (humans, software processes, and devices) before allowing them to access to the control system. Cisco offers Cisco Cyber Vision, Cisco Industrial Network Director, and Cisco Stealthwatch, which are complementary technologies which, with Cisco Identity Services Engine, provide an effective combination for broad coverage. Refer to the implementation guide. Provides widest interoperability but poorest convergence and troubleshooting. This wealth of information is shown in various types of maps, tables, and reports that maintain a complete inventory of industrial assets, their relationships, their vulnerabilities, and the programs they run. ■All nodes in the ring must have special hardware to support HSR and all nodes in the ring must support HSR. Network hardening (control plane and data plane) are configured to protect the infrastructure. Now, PTP has solved the problem of distributing precise time on converged, open, standard networks. Dual NIC technologies from the Virtual servers. Customers should ensure PTP devices that join the network are configured with appropriate priority settings to avoid unwanted devices becoming GM and potentially impacting the PTP operations. The management of the physical and virtual servers in the industrial data center are specific to platform choice, storage architecture, and Virtualization vendor. The application is the same as the one used in the hardware sensor except that it is implemented in a networking device. The Cisco IE 2000 mainly assumes an access switch role to bridge industrial Program Logic Controller (PLC). To configure an EtherChannel using Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) in active mode between the access and distribution switches, configure a port-channel interface on each switch and then configure the links as members of the port-channel. This solution is thus the key to digitizing industrial and production environments to achieve significantly improved business operation outcomes. Passive discovery is focused on vulnerability monitoring exclusively. They support ICMP Path MTU discovery, which is needed for IPSec and PPTP operation. Therefore, there is no dependency on the processes related to the production environment in the Industrial Zone with the applications or systems in the Enterprise Zone. As such, the cost of your network is much more than the sum of your equipment purchase orders. Found inside – Page 376Configure, implement, and manage complex network designs Harpreet Singh. Let's recall from our discussion in Chapter 8, Understanding and Configuring Network Security, in which network behavior can be used to baseline user plane traffic ... The PAN (located in the Enterprise Zone) handles all system configurations that are related to functionality such as authentication and authorization policies. This effect is measured and reported in the the implementation guide. A distributed system can have at least one or a maximum of two nodes with the Monitoring persona that can take on primary or secondary roles for high availability. Figure 23 highlights the trusted versus untrusted description. ■ACLs should be enforced to prevent unauthorized direct communication to network devices. The high-level steps for the remote access solution in that CVD as described in Figure 82 are: 1. The IACS devices have to be assigned with IP addresses to communicate with other IACS devices and also with Level 3 site operations. To solve the problem of managing IP addresses and also not add additional delay due to DHCP, this guide recommends using DHCP with persistence enabled on industrial switches deployed in the Cell/Area Zone. It lets you group assets and define their “industrial impact” so you can prioritize and score events according to your own industrial safety targets. Cisco Secure Network Analytics provides enterprise-wide network visibility to detect and respond to threats in real-time. Voice calls with Lync on this network would be acceptable to some users, but not acceptable to others. Transparent Clocks (TC) are another means by which network infrastructure devices distribute time. Includes security services such as virus protection, encryption, privacy impact assessments, information risk management, emergency preparedness, data security, identity management solutions, access controls (i.e., passwords, This is much like a router forwarding a packet and sending ICMP redirects. A disruption in this topology has zero downtime for traffic in the ring. As network traffic traverses the Cisco device, flows are continuously created and tracked. If a new control needs to be imposed, then add an entry in the dACL. The Cell/Area Zone comprises all of the systems, devices, controllers, and applications to keep the plant floor production or processes running. This design guide covers many factors related to deploying a large-scale Cisco ISE deployment. Table 10 and Table 11 also show the network would need to provide higher network performance for time critical versus informational traffic and even higher performance for motion and safety applications or systems. The following provides best practices for network hardening. Very Effective—If an asset is communicating any packets, then it will be discovered. OT Intent-based Security for Industrial Automation Use Cases details the use cases and evolution to a TrustSec architecture that helps enhance security for industrial automation networks. Since the assignment remains local to the device, network 1.1.1.0/30 has been chosen for ASA firewalls. Security Policy Exceptions—Within Securely Traversing IACS Data Across the Industrial Demilitarized Zone Design and Implementation Guide there were some use cases where direct access was permitted between the enterprise and the industrial zone. This section goes over basic troubleshooting to follow to find the root cause of various issues. Based on Layer 2 multicast traffic, GOOSE usually flows over the station bus but can extend to the process bus and even the WAN. Including the best jobs in the field and how to land them. Cisco Catalyst 3850 StackWise switches are the cell/zone area gateway devices to interconnect Layer 2 device ring/chain with Layer 3 network infrastructures. This solution does not support 802.1AS at this time. Any HTTP flow not adhering to the basic checks is dropped by default. Typical services deployed in the DMZ include Remote access servers and Mirrored services. So, these days, almost all major companies in the field of information technology and network security have introduced their security baseline. Once the business world began using computers, network security became essential to protect the electronic network infrastructure of these vital systems. In addition, a very quickly changing manufacturing process (for example, a paper mill) or complex automation (for example, a multi-axis robot) demand very high levels of determinism-predictable inter-packet delay in the IACS. These are built on the following premises: ■Prioritization for IACS traffic over non-IACS traffic in the Cell/Area Zone if deployed on a shared infrastructure, ■IACS real-time traffic over IACS non-real-time traffic in the Cell/Area Zone. For more information on the Cisco Catalyst 3850 StackWise—480 configuration, see: ■For Cisco Catalyst 3850: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/lan/catalyst3850/software/release/3se/ha_stack_manager/configuration_guide/b_hastck_3se_3850_cg/b_hastck_3se_3850_cg_chapter_010.html#reference_5415C09868764F0FA05F88897F108139, ■For Cisco Catalyst 9300: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/lan/catalyst9300/software/release/16-5/configuration_guide/stck_mgr_ha/b_165_stck_mgr_ha_9300_cg/managing_switch_stacks.html. The QoS design for Industrial Automation followed the guidelines and standards outlined by ODVA, Inc. for a QoS Model with Common Industrial Protocol (CIP) and Precision Timing Protocol (PTP) traffic. ■EtherChannels on the active and standby units to connect to redundant switches. Protecting industrial operations is a very specific challenge. Securely connecting to plant systems and assets for improved access to new data is the key to enabling use cases such as predictive maintenance, real time quality detection, asset tracking, and safety enhancements. Click Done Let’s Go to complete the uninstall. Segmentation of the multi-service applications from the IACS system is a common requirement.

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